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Recursion refers to a procedure that calls itself, or to a constituent that contains a constituent of the same kind).

What's Special about the Human Language Faculty, Steven Pinker

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/2005_03_Pinker_Jackendoff.pdf

Roughly, in tail recursion, a procedure invokes another instance of itself as a final step (or, in the context of language, a constituent an identical kind of constituent at its periphery).

What's Special about the Human Language Faculty, Steven Pinker

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/2005_03_Pinker_Jackendoff.pdf

In true recursion, a procedure invokes an instance of itself in mid-computation and then must resume the original procedure from where it left off (or a constituent has an identical kind of constituent embedded inside it).

What's Special about the Human Language Faculty, Steven Pinker

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/2005_03_Pinker_Jackendoff.pdf

Recursion consists of embedding a constituent in a constituent of the same type, for example a relative clause inside a relative clause (a book that was written by the novelist you met last night), which automatically confers the ability to do so ad libitum (e.g. a book [that was written by the novelist [you met on the night [that we decided to buy the boat [that you liked so much]]]]).

What's Special about the Human Language Faculty, Steven Pinker

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/2005_03_Pinker_Jackendoff.pdf

Second, syntactic trees have a characteristic structure, in which each constituent contains a distinguished member, the head, which determines the category and semantic referent of the constituent, and around which the other elements are grouped as arguments and modifiers (this is the basis of the X-bar theory of phrase structure).

What's Special about the Human Language Faculty, Steven Pinker

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/2005_03_Pinker_Jackendoff.pdf

But in another sense thinking is itself a constituent of perception and action, and is, indeed, but a proper part of problem solving.

Behaviorism, Language and Meaning, Wilfrid Sellars

http://www.ditext.com/sellars/blm.html

Here it is important to note that the continuing propensity should not be identified with a sequence of separate propensities to utter constituent syllables, though it includes them.

Behaviorism, Language and Meaning, Wilfrid Sellars

http://www.ditext.com/sellars/blm.html

Different recipes determined by statements with different constituent structure might end in the same place, no matter what the facts (as, for example, with statements of the forms ~(PÚ Q) and (~PÙ ~Q)).

What Might Nonconceptual Content Be? , Robert Stalnaker

http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/concepts/Stalnaker.htm

Accordingly the sensation that we have when we see a patch of colour simply is that patch of colour, an actual constituent of the physical world, and part of what physics is concerned with.

The Analysis of Mind, Bertrand Russell

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2529/2529-h/2529-h.htm

But this constituent of the intensity of sensations is absent in mental imagery"(p.

The Analysis of Mind, Bertrand Russell

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2529/2529-h/2529-h.htm